Archive for category manufacturing
The ratio of credit earnings before tax, interest depreciation
Posted by admin in Companies, Investment Opportunities, budget, fixed costs, management skills, manufacturing, market demand, production cycles, profit margin on October 27th, 2009
A second metric for profitability is the ratio of earnings before tax, interest depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) to total assets. Using data from the national accounts of the United States we define earnings before tax and interest as pre-tax profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustment plus net interest. This metric follows a similar path as the ratio of retained earnings to total assets, although on a higher level and with a higher volatility.
Measuring the extent to which a firm’s value can decline before its book value becomes negative and a firm becomes insolvent, the ratio of market value of equity to total debt represents the inverse of leverage. We have defined the value of equity as the market value of outstanding equities, total debt is defined as total credit market instruments. The tremendous equity bubble of the late 1990s has collapsed, but nevertheless the equity-to-debt ratio stays above the level reached in the 1970s and 1980s. Because of its higher volatility, the ratio is largely driven by the equity performance. As a result the equity-to-debt ratio usually rises at the end of a recession because equity markets already
anticipate stronger economic growth while many companies still deleverage their balance sheets. Here again, the 2001 recession makes an exception.
About one-and-a-half years after the end of the recession in November 2001 equity markets finally marked their lows.
Fundamental models for loans spreads
Posted by admin in Companies, Money Tips, consulting, credit, liability, management skills, manufacturing, material costs on October 25th, 2009
A popular approach to estimate the credit risk of an issuer is the use of z-scores. In this context, Altman’s five components framework has attracted particular interest. On the company level, it is based on the five metrics.
Replacing the company-specific metrics by macroeconomic factors yields a fundamental model for the credit market. Because of the required minimum history and data reliability we will focus on the US market. Data for this procedure is taken from the flow of funds statistics and the national accounts of the United States.
The ratio of working capital to total assets measures the net liquid assets of a firm relative to the sum of financial and tangible assets. We isolated net liquid assets for the US nonfinancial corporate sector from the flow of funds statistics by subtracting mortgages, consumer credit, trade receivables and miscellaneous assets from total assets and subsequently adding inventories, trade and tax receivables.
The large fall in 1974 is due to a significant decline in the value of trade payables. Usually, the ratio of working capital to total assets falls in a recession. But there also seems to be a secular downtrend in this ratio.
Fixed and Variable Costs in fiction – part 3
Posted by admin in management skills, manufacturing, marketing, material costs, performance objectives on August 1st, 2009
Decisions over semi-variable costs, such as marketing expenses, may be made based on the number of units you need to sell, but they likely are not unit-specific—unless, for example, the marketers decide to give away something free with each purchase. However, if we were to add an additional $5,000 in marketing expense to our 5,000-unit run, we add an additional dollar in semi-variable cost to each item. The same $5,000, spent on the 10,000-unit run, would add an additional 50 cents per piece.
The net cost, then, on the 5,000 unit run jumps to $8 per unit. Costs for the 10,000 unit run jump to $6.50. The net profit margins are $1 and $2.50 per unit, respectively.
Even with these costs applied, it should be evident that the higher this particular production run, the wider the profit margin. That’s all part of the sales income, to be sure. But the profitability per unit is determined primarily by the fixed and semi-variable costs. And that’s influenced by the budgeting procedure.
Budget Components – part 3
Posted by admin in budget, effective budgeting, equity, manufacturing, short-term income on July 31st, 2009
A capital budget sets aside funds for capital expenditures. These are primarily new pieces of equipment or facilities, to be used over a period of years. Strategic in nature, a capital budget involves looking at the long-term profit that’s likely to come from investing in that equipment or building.
Many companies allow for flexible budgeting, a process by which budgets are adjusted to match output and/or marketplace factors that influence the company’s revenues and expenses. Companies with a sudden short-term, unbudgeted income opportunity may create a flexible budget that adds to the expense side of the equation, but also adds corresponding revenues from product sales.
Budget Components – part 2
Posted by admin in effective budgeting, equity, expenditures, manufacturing, market forecasts on July 31st, 2009
The revenue section’s real job is to measure revenue projections—what the company thinks its going to earn through all its sources throughout the cycle of the budget—so that it may balance expenses against them. Unless there is a sound strategic reason for it, a business without a positive bottom line won’t likely be a business very long. Expenses may be higher than revenues in certain months, but the goal is always to make sure revenues exceed expenses by the end of the year.
When it comes to the expense side of a budget, the more detail that can be included within reason, the more accurate a view the budget will provide of the firm’s financial condition. More important, managers will be able to control cash flow better when they have a deeper level of information at their fingertips.
Budget Components – part 1
Posted by admin in consulting, management skills, manufacturing, market forecasts, revenue on July 31st, 2009
Each budget will have two main sections, and a good manager will come to know each of these sections as intimately as his or her own family.
The first section measures company revenues, or income from sales, investments, and any other sources. You need to match up your expected revenues with your expected expenses, the other main part of the budget.
Say you work for a luxury boat manufacturer. Your company itemizes revenue from the sales of a certain type of speedboat. On the expense side, it then has to make sure the costs involved in building this boat will be less than the revenues it will generate. You don’t want to build speedboats that cost more than people pay for them.